TAILIEUCHUNG - Chapter 9: ALKYL HALIDES

Common names: alkylhalide (chloride, bromide ). IUPAC names: halogeno + alkane (chloro, bromo ). Alkyl & halogen substituents are considered of equal rank. | ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Dr Nam T. S. Phan Faculty of Chemical Engineering HCMC University of Technology Office: room 211, B2 Building Phone: 8647256 ext. 5681 Email: ptsnam@ Chapter 9: ALKYL HALIDES NOMENCLATURE OF ALKYL HALIDES Common names: alkylhalide (chloride, bromide ) IUPAC names: halogeno + alkane (chloro, bromo ) Alkyl & halogen substituents are considered of equal rank PREPARATION OF ALKYL HALIDES Alkyl halides from alcohols Only in acidic conditions Alkyl halides from alkenes More stable Alkyl halides from alkanes Chlorination is much less selective REACTIONS OF ALKYL HALIDES Very reactive Very unreactive With the same R NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS SN1 & SN2 – depending on alkyl structure, nucleophile concentration & reactivity, and solvent Functional group interconversions of 1o & 2o alkyl halides Elimination reactions will occur for 3o alkyl halides Elimination reactions will occur for 3o alkyl halides Williamson ether synthesis Nucleophilic substitutions Eliminations ELIMINATION REACTIONS In an elimination reaction: + Groups / atoms are eliminated from a reactant + A double bond is formed between the 2 carbons from which atoms are eliminated Hofmann’s product Zaitsev’s product GRIGNARD REAGENTS Strong base Strong nucleophile Grignard reagents readily react with acidic groups: -OH, -NH2, -NHR, -SH, -C CH, -COOH Strong base REACTIONS OF GRIGNARD REAGENTS Reactions of Grignard reagents with aldehydes & ketones Only for the reaction of HCHO Numbers 1 & 2 are used to indicate that the acid is not added until the reaction with the Grignard reagent is complete Reactions of Grignard reagents with esters Can NOT be isolated Can be chiral Alcohols from esters / acyl halides Can NOT be chiral Reactions of Grignard reagents with nitriles Reactions of Grignard reagents with carbon dioxide Reactions of Grignard reagents with epoxides

• Hoá học
• organic chemistry
• hóa hữu cơ
• công nghệ hóa học
• Chemical Engineering
• alkyl halides
• In this workbook
• experiments are elaborated using small scale glassware and equipments from a Small Lab Kit
• developed at the Department of Chemistry
• Faculty of Science
• Chulalongkorn University in Thailand
• This Small Lab Kit was created as a result of the research project entitled “Chemistry Laboratory Based on Chemical Safety and Pollution Minimization” sponsored by Thai Research Fund (RDG 3 07 2543)
• One of the outcomes of this project is the organic laboratory book entitled “Organic Chemistry Laboratory Based on Chemical Safety and Pollution Minimization” written in Thai by professors from 7 universities in this project
• They compiled
• adjusted and tested the experiments taken from several traditional organic chemistry laboratory books using the prototype of Small Lab Kit
• Currently
• some selected experiments from this Thai organic chemistry laboratory text have further been modified
• rewritten and edited in English as appeared in this workbook
• Some experiments ar
• Ebook Organic chemistry
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