TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Basic microeconomics - Chapter 1: Economics and economic reasoning

After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Define economics and identify its components; discuss various ways in which economists use economic reasoning; explain real-world events in terms of economic forces, social forces, and political forces; explain how economic insights are developed and used; distinguish among positive economics, normative economics, and the art of economics. | Economics and Economic Reasoning Chapter 1 What Economics Is Economics is the study of how human beings coordinate their wants and desires, given the decision-making mechanisms, social customs, and political realities of the society. What Economics Is One of the key words in the definition of the term “economics” is coordination. What Economics Is Three central coordination problems any economic system must solve are: What, and how much, to produce. How to produce it. For whom to produce it. What Economics Is Scarcity ensues because individuals want more than can be produced. Scarcity – the goods available are too few to satisfy individuals’ desires. Wants are unlimited, but resources are limited What Economics Is The degree of scarcity is constantly changing. The quantity of goods, services, and usable resources depends on technology and human action. What Economics Is The following are the five important things to learn in economics: Economic reasoning. Economic terminology. Economic insights economists have about issues, and theories that lead to those insights. What Economics Is The following are the five important things to learn in economics (cont’d): Information about economic institutions Information about the economic policy options facing society today. A Guide to Economic Reasoning Economic reasoning is making decisions by comparing costs and benefits. Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits The relevant costs and benefits to economic reasoning are the expected incremental or additional costs incurred and the expected incremental or additional benefits of a decision. Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits In economists’ jargon, marginal refers to additional or incremental. Think of it as one more. Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits Marginal cost = the additional cost to you over and above the costs you have already incurred. This means eliminating sunk costs – costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered. Marginal Costs and Marginal .

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