TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Research methodology - Methods and techniques" has contents: Chi-square test, testing of hypotheses-I (parametric or standard tests of hypotheses), analysis of variance and covariance, analysis of variance and covariance,.and other contents. | 184 Research Methodology 9 Testing of Hypotheses I (Parametric or Standard Tests of Hypotheses) Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main function is to suggest new experiments and observations. In fact, many experiments are carried out with the deliberate object of testing hypotheses. Decision-makers often face situations wherein they are interested in testing hypotheses on the basis of available information and then take decisions on the basis of such testing. In social science, where direct knowledge of population parameter(s) is rare, hypothesis testing is the often used strategy for deciding whether a sample data offer such support for a hypothesis that generalisation can be made. Thus hypothesis testing enables us to make probability statements about population parameter(s). The hypothesis may not be proved absolutely, but in practice it is accepted if it has withstood a critical testing. Before we explain how hypotheses are tested through different tests meant for the purpose, it will be appropriate to explain clearly the meaning of a hypothesis and the related concepts for better understanding of the hypothesis testing techniques. WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? Ordinarily, when one talks about hypothesis, one simply means a mere assumption or some supposition to be proved or disproved. But for a researcher hypothesis is a formal question that he intends to resolve. Thus a hypothesis may be defined as a proposition or a set of proposition set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide some investigation or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts. Quite often a research hypothesis is a predictive statement, capable of being tested by scientific methods, that relates an independent variable to some dependent variable. For example, consider statements like the following ones: “Students who receive counselling

• Kinh tế học
• Research methodology
• Chi square test
• Testing of hypotheses I
• Its role in research
• Report writing
• Multivariate analysis techniques
• Small Business
• Innovation Research
• Project Methodology
• Potential Metric
• Methodology Development
• Bibliography
• Master thesis
• Master thesis English teaching methodology
• English teaching methodology
• Action research project on using pictures
• Phương pháp giảng dạy
• Encourage students
• Research design
• Sampling design
• Scaling techniques
• Analysis of data
• Sampling fundamentals
• Data collection
• Master minor programme thesis English teaching methodology
• Teaching writing
• Phương pháp dạy viết
• Using peer feedback
• Enhancing writing paragraph skills
• Learners’ vocabulary through pictures
• Học từ vựng qua tranh ảnh
• Pre listening activities
• Improve students’ listening skill
• Using phonetic transcription
• mproving pronunciation
• Listening skills
• Conversations with subtitles
• Effective vocabulary instruction
• Dạy từ vựng
• Speaking lessons
• British culture
• A secondary school
• Language games
• Motivate students
• Vocabulary learning
• Using writing portfolios
• Kỹ năng viết
• Reading comprehension
• Cognitive reading strategy training
• Cải thiện việc đọc hiểu
• Diversifying reading activities
• Hoạt động đọc
• Teaching grammar
• Trò chơi ngôn ngữ
• Task based languag
• Grade 10 students
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• Research methodology course
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• What is hse target
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• Research Methodology for Machine Translation
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• Forestry research methodology
• Nghiên cứu lâm nghiệp
• Lâm nghiệp vùng Châu Á
• Xây dựng dự án quốc tế
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• Lưu trữ dữ liệu nghiên cứu
• Nghiên cứu kỹ thuật lâm sinh
• Methodology
• waste quantity
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• scientific reports
• research projects
• scientific research
• Reading research
• Conducting and reading research
• Research process
• Research report
• Descriptive research
• Survey research methodology
• Gold sales forecasting
• The box Jenkins methodology
• Resource economy like
• Monthly gold sales
• Research paper has demonstrated