TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook King’s applied anatomy of the central nervous system of domestic mammals (2/E): Part 2

Part 2 book “King’s applied anatomy of the central nervous system of domestic mammals” has contents: Extrapyramidal feedback and upper motor neuron disorders, summary of the somatic motor systems, the cerebellum, autonomic components of the central nervous system, the cerebral cortex and thalamus, embryological and comparative neuroanatomy, clinical neurology, imaging techniques for study of the central nervous system general considerations, and other contents. | 14 Extrapyramidal Feedback and Upper Motor Neuron Disorders Feedback of the Extrapyramidal System Neuronal Centres of the Feedback Circuits Three major centres are involved in extrapyramidal feedback, namely the olivary nucleus, the cerebellum and the thalamus. Olivary Nucleus The olivary nucleus is an intermediate station on the pathway from the higher extrapyramidal command centres to the cerebellum (Figure ). It corresponds to the pontine nuclei in the pyramidal feedback circuit (Figure ). The site of the olivary nucleus in the medulla oblongata is shown schematically in Figure (see also Figure ). Figure Diagram of the feedback circuits of the extrapyramidal system. The motor centres are numbered 1 to 9. The red and black projections are the feedback circuits: the red projections lead to the cerebellum, and the black lines return from the cerebellum. The globus pallidus is the focal point of, and in this diagram represents, the basal nuclei. The globus pallidus has a feedback circuit through the thalamus and cerebral cortex, which enables the basal nuclei to collaborate with the cerebral cortex. n. = nucleus; nn. = nuclei; . = motor reticular centre; and . = reticular formation. Cerebellum Two components of the cerebellum, . the cerebellar cortex and the cerebellar nuclei (such as the dentate nucleus), are involved in extrapyramidal feedback circuits. Note the similarity to the pyramidal feedback circuit (Figure ). Thalamus The thalamus is the intermediate station between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex, in those feedback circuits which return to the forebrain. The ventral group of thalamic nuclei controls all thalamic feedback circuits. Strictly, it is the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus, as in the pyramidal feedback circuits (Figure ) (see Section ). Feedback Circuits All of the nine motor ‘command centres’ of the extrapyramidal system together with the pyramidal system .

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• Domestic mammals
• The central nervous system
• Extrapyramidal feedback
• The somatic motor systems
• Autonomic components
• The central nervous system general considerations
• Imaging techniques
• The meninges
• The vertebral canal
• The nerve impulse
• The cranial nerves
• Medial lemniscal system
• The special senses
• BMC Pulmonary Medicine
• Diaphragm dysfunction
• Ultrasound imaging
• Static imaging techniques
• Dynamic imaging techniques
• Phrenic nerve
• Mechanical ventilation
• Nuclear Medical Imaging
• Recent Developments
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Safety Standards
• Imaging anatomy of the human brain
• The human brain
• Imaging anatomy
• Advanced MRI techniques
• Vascular imaging
• Neurochemical Imaging
• Emission Tomography
• Myocardial Viability
• Thrombo Embolism Imaging
• Renal Imaging
• Skeletal Scintigraphy
• Radionuclide Techniques
• Clinical Applications
• Medical Imaging
• Supercompound
• Cardiac Rhythm
• Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
• Ultrasonography
• Neurovascular imaging
• From basics to advanced concepts
• Pathological basis of vascular diseases
• Vertebral artery
• Diseases and treatment
• The basics of intracranial arterial circulation
• Imaging of the hip
• Imaging of bony pelvis
• Radiographic evaluation
• Computed tomography
• Nuclear medicine
• Interventional procedures
• Congenital abnormalities
• Bony trauma
• Soft tissue injuries
• Proximal femur
• Soft tissue infection
• Endocrine disorders
• Liver fat content
• Elastography techniques
• Blood markers
• Non alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Basic Principles
• EM Radiation
• Materials
• Digital Imaging
• 2D Optical Reflection
• Microscopical Techniques
• EM Imaging Techniques
• Processing
• Shoulder Radiography
• Arthrography
• CT Arthrography
• MR Arthrography
• Clinical Problems
• Bursography
• Clinical
• Endoscopic Examination
• Laryngeal Neoplasms
• Hypopharynx
• Proximal Esophagus
• the Head and Neck
• Liver MR Imaging
• Histopathologic Classification
• Hepatoblastoma
• Parenchymal Disease
• Infectious Diseases
• HIV associated Liver Diseases
• Liver Pathologies
• Dynamic Contrast
• Enhanced MRI
• Blood Pool
• Tumor Pathophysiology
• Dynamic Susceptibility
• Synchrotron Imaging
• Cultural Heritage
• ancient materials
• imaging experiments
• Holistic Modeling
• Aerosol Deposition
• Conclusion
• Case Studies
• Magnetic Resonance
• Neutron Spectroscopy
• Image Processing
• toxicity of fluoride
• bacterial control
• Topical fluoride
• DENTAL HEALTH
• Bone and joint imaging
• Basic science
• Diagnostic techniques
• Interventional procedures of the spine
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Related diseases
• Connective tissue disease
• Degenerative diseases
• Handbook of medical imaging
• Fundamental enhancement techniques
• Adaptive image filtering
• Enhancement by multiscale nonlinear operators
• Volumetric segmentation
• Arterial Tree Morphometry
• Introduction to musculoskeletal ultrasound getting started
• Physics of ultrasound
• Understanding the equipment
• Image optimization
• Scanning Techniques and ergonomics
• Doppler imaging
• Imaging tendon
• Sports Injuries
• Muscle Injuries
• Cartilage Trauma
• Ligamentous Trauma
• Pediatric malignancies pathology
• The diagnosis of pediatric tumors
• Imaging techniques used
• Soft tissue sarcomas
• Malignant bone tumors
• Tumors of lymphoid
• Molecular Beacons
• Collagen
• Visualizing Calcium Signaling
• Multifluorescence Labeling Techniques
• Confocal Laser
• Confocal Microscopy System
• Atherosclerotic Lesion Composition
• International Journal of Computer Science & Communication Networks
• Polar wavelet gaussian filter
• Ring artifact suppression
• CT imaging systems
• New algorithm comparing
• The existing techniques
• Mesoporous materials
• Pore size distribution
• FIB nanotomography
• Geometrical features
• Clay rich sedimentary rocks
• Microscopic imaging techniques