TAILIEUCHUNG - Introduction to Probability - Chapter 7

Chapter 7 Sums of Independent Random Variables Sums of Discrete Random Variables In this chapter we turn to the important question of determining the distribution of a sum of independent random variables in terms of the distributions of the individual constituents. | Chapter 7 Sums of Independent Random Variables Sums of Discrete Random Variables In this chapter we turn to the important question of determining the distribution of a sum of independent random variables in terms of the distributions of the individual constituents. In this section we consider only sums of discrete random variables reserving the case of continuous random variables for the next section. We consider here only random variables whose values are integers. Their distribution functions are then defined on these integers. We shall find it convenient to assume here that these distribution functions are defined for all integers by defining them to be 0 where they are not otherwise defined. Convolutions Suppose X and Y are two independent discrete random variables with distribution functions m1 x and m2 x . Let Z X Y. We would like to determine the distribution function m3 x of Z. To do this it is enough to determine the probability that Z takes on the value z where z is an arbitrary integer. Suppose that X k where k is some integer. Then Z z if and only if Y z k. So the event Z z is the union of the pairwise disjoint events X k and Y z k where k runs over the integers. Since these events are pairwise disjoint we have P Z z P X k P Y z k . Thus we have found the distribution function of the random variable Z . This leads to the following definition. 285 286 CHAPTER 7. SUMS OF RANDOM VARIABLES Definition Let X and Y be two independent integer-valued random variables with distribution functions m1 x and m2 x respectively. Then the convolution of m1 x and m2 x is the distribution function m3 m1 m2 given by m j mi k m2 j - k k for j . 2 1 0 1 2 . The function m3 x is the distribution function of the random variable Z X Y. It is easy to see that the convolution operation is commutative and it is straightforward to show that it is also associative. Now let Sn X1 X2 Xn be the sum of n independent random variables of an independent trials process with common .

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