TAILIEUCHUNG - Introduction to Probability - Chapter 4

Chapter 4 Conditional Probability Discrete Conditional Probability In this section we ask and answer the following question. Suppose we assign a distribution function to a sample space and then learn that an event E has occurred. How should we change the probabilities of the remaining events? | Chapter 4 Conditional Probability Discrete Conditional Probability Conditional Probability In this section we ask and answer the following question. Suppose we assign a distribution function to a sample space and then learn that an event E has occurred. How should we change the probabilities of the remaining events We shall call the new probability for an event F the conditional probability of F given E and denote it by P F E . Example An experiment consists of rolling a die once. Let X be the outcome. Let F be the event X 6 and let E be the event X 4 . We assign the distribution function m 1 6 for 1 2 . 6. Thus P F 1 6. Now suppose that the die is rolled and we are told that the event E has occurred. This leaves only two possible outcomes 5 and 6. In the absence of any other information we would still regard these outcomes to be equally likely so the probability of F becomes 1 2 making P F E 1 2. Example In the Life Table see Appendix C one finds that in a population of 100 000 females can expect to live to age 60 while can expect to live to age 80. Given that a woman is 60 what is the probability that she lives to age 80 This is an example of a conditional probability. In this case the original sample space can be thought of as a set of 100 000 females. The events E and F are the subsets of the sample space consisting of all women who live at least 60 years and at least 80 years respectively. We consider E to be the new sample space and note that F is a subset of E. Thus the size of E is 89 835 and the size of F is 57 062. So the probability in question equals 57 062 89 835 .6352. Thus a woman who is 60 has a chance of living to age 80. 133 134 CHAPTER 4. CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY Example Consider our voting example from Section three candidates A B and C are running for office. We decided that A and B have an equal chance of winning and C is only 1 2 as likely to win as A. Let A be the event A wins B that B wins and C that C

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