TAILIEUCHUNG - Introduction to Probability - Chapter 9

Chapter 9 Central Limit Theorem Central Limit Theorem for Bernoulli Trials The second fundamental theorem of probability is the Central Limit Theorem. This theorem says that if Sn is the sum of n mutually independent random variables, then the distribution function of Sn is well-approximated by a certain type | Chapter 9 Central Limit Theorem Central Limit Theorem for Bernoulli Trials The second fundamental theorem of probability is the Central Limit Theorem. This theorem says that if Sn is the sum of n mutually independent random variables then the distribution function of Sn is well-approximated by a certain type of continuous function known as a normal density function which is given by the formula fw x e- 2 V2 a as we have seen in Chapter . In this section we will deal only with the case that p 0 and a 1. We will call this particular normal density function the standard normal density and we will denote it by 0 x x pp2 e-X2 2 A graph of this function is given in Figure . It can be shown that the area under any normal density equals 1. The Central Limit Theorem tells us quite generally what happens when we have the sum of a large number of independent random variables each of which contributes a small amount to the total. In this section we shall discuss this theorem as it applies to the Bernoulli trials and in Section we shall consider more general processes. We will discuss the theorem in the case that the individual random variables are identically distributed but the theorem is true under certain conditions even if the individual random variables have different distributions. Bernoulli Trials Consider a Bernoulli trials process with probability p for success on each trial. Let Xi 1 or 0 according as the th outcome is a success or failure and let Sn X1 X2 Xn. Then Sn is the number of successes in n trials. We know that Sn has as its distribution the binomial probabilities b n p j . In Section 325 326 CHAPTER 9. CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM Figure Standard normal density. we plotted these distributions for p .3 and p .5 for various values of n see Figure . We note that the maximum values of the distributions appeared near the expected value np which causes their spike graphs to drift off to the right as n increased. Moreover these maximum values .

TÀI LIỆU MỚI ĐĂNG
Đã phát hiện trình chặn quảng cáo AdBlock
Trang web này phụ thuộc vào doanh thu từ số lần hiển thị quảng cáo để tồn tại. Vui lòng tắt trình chặn quảng cáo của bạn hoặc tạm dừng tính năng chặn quảng cáo cho trang web này.