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The internal combustion engine (Ie) is a heat engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy, usually made available on a rotating output shaft. Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to thermal energy by means of combustion or oxidation with air inside the engine. This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure of the gases within the engine, and the high-pressure gas then expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the engine. | Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine i Willard W. Pulkrabek University of Wisconsin-- . Platteville Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458 Contents PREFACE xi NOTATION xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1-1 Introduction 1 1-2 Early History 5 1-3 Engine Classifications 5 1-4 Terminology and Abbreviations 14 1-5 Engine Components 18 1-6 Basic Engine Cycles 24 1-7 Engine Emissions and Air Pollution 30 Problems 33 Design Problems 34 2 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS 35 2-1 Engine Parameters 35 2-2 Work 44 v vi Contents 2-3 Mean Effective Pressure 49 2-4 Torque and Power 50 2-5 Dynamometers 53 2-6 Air-Fuel Ratio and Fuel-Air Ratio 55 2-7 Specific Fuel Consumption 56 2-8 Engine Efficiencies 59 2-9 Volumetric Efficiency 60 2-10 Emissions 62 2-11 Noise Abatement 62 2- 12 Conclusions-Working Equations 63 Problems 65 Design Problems 67 3 ENGINE CYCLES 68 3- 1 Air-Standard Cycles 68 3-2 Otto Cycle 72 3-3 Real Air-Fuel Engine Cycles 81 3-4 SI Engine Cycle at Part Throttle 83 3-5 Exhaust Process 86 3-6 Diesel Cycle 91 3-7 Dual Cycle 94 3-8 Comparison of Otto Diesel and Dual Cycles 97 3-9 Miller Cycle 103 3-10 Comparison of Miller Cycle and Otto Cycle 108 3-11 Two-Stroke Cycles 109 3-12 Stirling Cycle 111 3-13 Lenoir Cycle 113 3- 14 Summary 115 Problems 116 Design Problems 120 4 THERMOCHEMISTRY AND FUELS 121 4- 1 Thermochemistry 121 4-2 Hydrocarbon Fuels-Gasoline 131 4-3 Some Common Hydrocarbon Components 134 4-4 Self-Ignition and Octane Number 139 4-5 Diesel Fuel 148 4-6 Alternate Fuels 150 4-7 Conclusions 162 Problems 162 Design Problems .
