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The authors present the complete guide to ANSI standard C language programming. Written by the developers of C, this new version helps readers keep up with the finalized ANSI standard for C while showing how to take advantage of C's rich set of operators, economy of expression, improved control flow, and data structures. The 2/E has been completely rewritten with additional examples and problem sets to clarify the implementation of difficult language constructs. | 1 SECOND EDITION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE BRIAN w KERNIGH AN DENNIS M. RITCHIE FHF i FCF FALL a J i WV L S R 3 2 Preface 6 Preface to the first edition 8 Chapter 1 - A Tutorial Introduction 9 1.1 Getting Started 9 1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions 11 1.3 The for statement 15 1.4 Symbolic Constants 17 1.5 Character Input and Output 17 1.5.1 File Copying 18 1.5.2 Character Counting 19 1.5.3 Line Counting 20 1.5.4 Word Counting 21 1.6 Arrays 23 1.7 Functions 25 1.8 Arguments - Call by Value 28 1.9 Character Arrays 29 1.10 External Variables and Scope 31 Chapter 2 - Types Operators and Expressions 35 2.1 Variable Names 35 2.2 Data Types and Sizes 35 2.3 Constants 36 2.4 Declarations 38 2.5 Arithmetic Operators 39 2.6 Relational and Logical Operators 39 2.7 Type Conversions 40 2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators 43 2.9 Bitwise Operators 45 2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions 46 2.11 Conditional Expressions 47 2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation 48 Chapter 3 - Control Flow 50 3.1 Statements and Blocks 50 3.2 If-Else 50 3.3 Else-If 51 3.4 Switch 52 3.5 Loops - While and For 53 3.6 Loops - Do-While 56 3.7 Break and Continue 57 3.8 Goto and labels 57 Chapter 4 - Functions and Program Structure 59 4.1 Basics of Functions 59 4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers 61 4.3 External Variables 63 4.4 Scope Rules 68 4.5 Header Files 69 4.6 Static Variables 70 4.7 Register Variables 71 4.8 Block Structure 71 4.9 Initialization 72 4.10 Recursion 73 4.11 The C Preprocessor 74 4.11.1 File Inclusion 75 4.11.2 Macro Substitution 75 3 4.11.3 Conditional Inclusion 77 Chapter 5 - Pointers and Arrays 78 5.1 Pointers and Addresses 78 5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments 79 5.3 Pointers and Arrays 81 5.4 Address Arithmetic 84 5.5 Character Pointers and Functions 87 5.6 Pointer Arrays Pointers to Pointers 89 5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays 92 5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays 93 5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays 94 5.10 Command-line Arguments 95 5.11 Pointers to Functions 98
