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(BQ) Part 2 book "Diagnostic imaging obstetrics" presents the following contents: Genitourinary tract, musculoskeletal, placenta, membranes and umbilical cord, multiple gestations, aneuploidy, syndromes and multisystem disorders, infection, fluid, growth and well-being, maternal conditions in pregnancy, postpartum complications. | Diagnostic Imaging Obstetrics 2nd Edition distinguish due to scoliosis and distortion of normal anatomy by the attachment to the placenta. Right Gross photograph of the same fetus shows that the liver E3is external and the anterior abdominal wall is open L to the underlying placenta. Note the severe scoliosis.E3 P.7 31 TERMINOLOGY Abbreviations Body stalk anomaly BSA Synonyms Limb body wall complex Definitions Lethal malformation characterized by attachment of visceral organs to the placenta with a short or absent umbilical cord IMAGING General Features Best diagnostic clue Abnormal fetus inseparable from placenta Gross distortion with complete loss of anatomic landmarks Often large with complete thoraco-abdominal evisceration Ultrasonographic Findings Complex array of multiple malformations Large thoraco-abdominal wall defect No covering membrane Absent very short umbilical cord Vessels seen running from placental surface to fetal torso Scoliosis is prominent feature Often severe May have multiple acute angulation points Neck often extended Limb defects common Clubfoot Absent limbs or digits Arthrogryposis Polydactyly Syndactyly Abnormal limb positioning Craniofacial defects less common Encephalocele or exencephaly Facial defects Oligohydramnios in 2nd and 3rd trimesters 1st trimester diagnosis Entire fetus or lower portion outside of amniotic cavity Upper portion may still be within amniotic cavity Amniotic membrane can be normal or ruptured Normal umbilical cord not seen Cord can be identified as early as 8 weeks Abnormal ratio of crown-rump length cord length Should normally be 1 1 Cord is short or absent Nuchal translucency may be abnormal Does not reflect karyotypic abnormality Imaging Recommendations Fixed fetal placental relationship essential for diagnosis 700 Diagnostic Imaging Obstetrics 2nd Edition Scan mother in different positions Look for umbilical cord Should be free floating and obvious Color Doppler essential to identify cord Often have to search
