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Various bacterial protein toxins and effectors target the actin cytoskeleton. At least three groups of toxins⁄effectors can be identified, which directly modify actin molecules. One group of toxins⁄effectors causes ADP-ribosy-lation of actin at arginine-177, thereby inhibiting actin polymerization. | IFEBS Journal REVIEW ARTICLE Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins Klaus Aktories1 Alexander E. Lang1 Carsten Schwan1 and Hans G. Mannherz2 3 1 Institut fur Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg Germany 2 Physikalische Biochemie Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie Dortmund Germany 3 Abteilung fur Anatomie und molekulare Embryologie Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Germany Keywords actin ADP-ribosylation bacterialprotein toxins cytoskeleton Rho GTPases thymosin-b4 Correspondence K. Aktories Institut fCur Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg Albertstr. 25 79104 Freiburg Germany Fax 49 761 203 5311 Tel 49 761 203 5301 E-mail klaus.aktories@pharmakol. uni-freiburg.de Received 26 January 2011 revised 24 March 2011 accepted 31 March 2011 doi 10.1111 j.1742-4658.2011.08113.x Various bacterial protein toxins and effectors target the actin cytoskeleton. At least three groups of toxins effectors can be identified which directly modify actin molecules. One group of toxins effectors causes ADP-ribosy-lation of actin at arginine-177 thereby inhibiting actin polymerization. Members of this group are numerous binary actin-ADP-ribosylating exotoxins e.g. Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin as well as several bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferases e.g. Salmonella enterica SpvB which are not binary in structure. The second group includes toxins that modify actin to promote actin polymerization and the formation of actin aggregates. To this group belongs a toxin from the Photorhabdus luminescens Tc toxin complex that ADP-ribosylates actin at threonine-148. A third group of bacterial toxins effectors e.g. Vibrio cholerae multifunctional autoprocessing RTX toxin catalyses a chemical crosslinking reaction of actin thereby forming oligomers while blocking the polymerization of actin to functional filaments. Novel findings about members of these toxin groups .
