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Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal pathway used to degrade and recycle long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. This homeostatic ability makes autophagy an important pro-survival mechanism in response to several stresses, such as nutrient starvation, hypoxia, dam-aged mitochondria, protein aggregation and pathogens. | MINIREVIEW Death-associated protein kinase DAPK and signal transduction fine-tuning of autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans homeostasis Chanhee Kang and Leon Avery Department of Molecular Biology University of Texas Southwestern MedicalCenter Dallas TX USA Keywords autophagy Caenorhabditis elegans cell death death-associated protein kinase starvation Correspondence C. Kang Department of Molecular Biology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390-9148 USA E-mail chanhee.kang@gmail.com Received 11 March 2009 revised 9 June 2009 accepted 1 July 2009 doi 10.1111 j.1742-4658.2009.07413.x Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal pathway used to degrade and recycle long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. This homeostatic ability makes autophagy an important pro-survival mechanism in response to several stresses such as nutrient starvation hypoxia damaged mitochondria protein aggregation and pathogens. However several recent studies have highlighted that autophagy also acts as a pro-death mechanism. What on the surface seem like conflicting roles of autophagy may be explained by the fact that the decision between pro-survival and pro-death is determined by the level of activation. A better understanding of autophagy signaling pathways will be helpful to elucidate how the level of autophagy is precisely regulated under different conditions and eventually how the final outcome is decided. In this review we briefly discuss the pro-survival and pro-death roles of autophagy and then discuss the mechanism by which autophagy is regulated mainly focusing on death-associated protein kinase in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Overview autophagy When food is not available and intracellular energy is depleted multicellular as well as single-celled organisms start to break down their own components generating metabolites to maintain nutrient and energy homeostasis. There are two major cellular degradation pathways the ubiquitin-proteasome .
