Đang chuẩn bị nút TẢI XUỐNG, xin hãy chờ
Tải xuống
Early attempts to look at the link between air pollution and wildlife focused mainly on the so- called "charismatic megafauna", ie on large and "colourful" species of animals. In fact, the most widely affected species - in terms of both number of species suffering damage from air pollution and also sensitivity of individual species to pollution - are amongst the lower life forms. In particular, lichens, bryophytes, fungi, and soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates are likely to be at risk. Impacts of pollution in these high risk groups are likely to be general across many species, and directly related to the toxic effects of pollution itself. On the other. | Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 8 5563-5627 2008 www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net 8 5563 2008 Author s 2008. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions Influence of future air pollution mitigation strategies on total aerosol radiative forcing 112 1 1 2 S. Kloster F. Dentener J. Feichter F. Raes J. van Aardenne E. Roeckner U. Lohmann3 P. Stier4 and R. Swart5 1European Commission Institute for Environment and Sustainability Ispra VA Italy 2Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Zuerich Switzerland 4University of Oxford Atmospheric Oceanic and Planetary Physics Oxford UK 5EEA European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change ETC ACC MNP Bilthoven The Netherlands Received 18 January 2008 - Accepted 3 February 2008 - Published 18 March 2008 Correspondence to F Dentener frank.dentener@jrc.it Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. ACPD 8 5563-5627 2008 Air pollution mitigation - total aerosol radiative forcing S. Kloster et al. Title Page Full Screen Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 5563 5 10 15 20 25 Abstract We apply different aerosol and aerosol precursor emission scenarios reflecting possible future control strategies for air pollution in the ECHAM5-HAM model and simulate the resulting effect on the Earth s radiation budget. We use two opposing future mitigation strategies for the year 2030 one in which emission reduction legislation decided in countries throughout the world are effectively implemented current legislation CLE 2030 and one in which all technical options for emission reductions are being implemented independent of their cost maximum feasible reduction MFR 2030 . We consider the direct semi-direct and indirect radiative effects of aerosols. The total anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing defined as the difference in the top-of-the-atmosphere radiation .
