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Continuing improvements led to the furnace and bellows and provided the ability to smelt and forge native metals (naturally occurring in relatively pure form).[38] Gold, copper, silver, and lead, were such early metals. The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone, and wooden tools were quickly apparent to early humans, and native copper was probably used from near the beginning of Neolithic times (about 8000 BC).[39] Native copper does not naturally occur in large amounts, but copper ores are quite common and some of them produce metal easily when burned in wood or charcoal fires. Eventually, the working of metals. | Bio-MEMS Technologies and Applications EDITED BY Wanjun Wang Steven A. Soper CRC Press J Taylor Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor Francis Group an informa business 2007 by Taylor Francis Group LLC CRC Press Taylor Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW Suite 300 Boca Raton FL 33487-2742 2007 by Taylor Francis Group LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor Francis Group an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10 0-8493-3532-9 Hardcover International Standard Book Number-13 978-0-8493-3532-7 Hardcover This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted reproduced transmitted or utilized in any form by any electronic mechanical or other means now known or hereafter invented including photocopying microfilming and recording or in any information storage or retrieval system without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work please access www. copyright.com http www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. CCC 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation .