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Kể từ khi được giới thiệu vào Ca-ri-bê trong năm 1945, thuốc trừ sâu hữu cơ tổng hợp được sử dụng injudiciously trong khu vực, mà không có bất kỳ sự đánh giá cao mối quan tâm về hậu quả sinh thái và môi trường. Lịch sử và tình trạng hiện tại của nghiên cứu và dữ liệu về quản lý sâu hại và thuốc trừ sâu, bao gồm thành lập các mức độ thiệt hại kinh tế cho sâu bệnh, hiệu quả của thuốc trừ sâu cá nhân và phương pháp thay thế của quản lý dịch hại; lập. | Chapter 15 Use fate and ecotoxicity of pesticides in Jamaica and the Commonwealth Caribbean Ajai Mansingh Dwight E. Robinson and Kathy M. Daiip INTRODUCTION Since their introduction into the Caribbean in 1945 synthetic organic pesticides have been used injudiciously in the region without any appreciation or concern about the ecological and environmental consequences. The history and current status of research and data on the management of pests and pesticides including establishment of the economic injury levels for pests the efficacy of individual pesticides and alternate methods of pest management legislative management of pesticides the fate persistence and ecotoxicity of pesticides and the environmental contamination by pesticide residues in the Commonwealth Caribbean are reviewed in this chapter. OVERVIEW The Commonwealth Caribbean The English-speaking Commonwealth Caribbean community comprises two thinly populated mainland countries Guyana in South America and Belize in Central America and a chain of islands in the Caribbean Sea that are grouped into ten independent countries and five British territories Figure 15.1 . These islands start with Trinidad and Tobago in the south and Barbados in the east extend northwest in an arc made up of the Windward Grenada St Vincent and the Grenadines St Lucia and Dominica and the Leeward Montserrat St Kitts and Nevis Anguilla and Antigua and Barbuda islands and the British Virgin Islands to Jamaica and the Cayman islands just south of Cuba and include the Turks and Caicos islands and the Bahamas to the north of Cuba. The more than 4.5 million people who live on these islands depend primarily upon agriculture fishing mining and tourism for their livelihoods. Only Trinidad with limited oil but enormous gas reserves has developed a strong industrial economy The islands are volcanic in origin and the land is composed of white limestone metamorphic rocks and alluvium. Except for Trinidad Barbados and Antigua 2003 Milton D. .
