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The Mekong River is one of the few great, largely unregulated rivers of the world. Its Delta is both agriculturally and aquatically highly productive and a major contributor to the region’s food production and export earnings. Water and land issues of the Delta must be considered as integral with those of the Mekong Basin as a whole. A majority of the Mekong Basin’s 60 million, ethnically diverse peoples rely on the River’s aquatic resources and rice production for their subsistence. For many, 40 to 60% of their protein intake is from fish from the Mekong. The prodigious fish resources rely on the annual fllooding of the. | INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME Water Management in the Mekong Delta Changes Conflicts and Opportunities by Ian White Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies National Institute for the Environment Institute of Advance Studies The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia IHP-VI I Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 61 UNESCO Paris 2002 The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country territory city or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. SC-2002 WS 47 CONTENTS Terms of Reference.3 Acknowledgments.4 Summary.5 1. The Mekong.8 1.1 River of Change.8 1.2 This Study.11 1.2.1 Purpose.11 1.2.2 Study methods.11 1.3 Geography of the Mekong River Basin.12 1.4 The Lower Basin.14 1.4.1 Lower Basin Climate.14 1.5 Fisheries Resources of the Mekong.15 1.5.1 Wild capture fisheries.15 1.5.2 Future demands and threats to wild capture fisheries.16 1.5.3 Aquaculture.16 1.5.4 Constraints to aquaculture.17 1.6 Social Cultural and Economic Features of the Basin.18 1.7 Institutional Arrangements for Mekong Basin Resource Management.20 1.7.1 The Mekong River Commission.21 1.8 Basin Development and Cooperation.23 2. The Mekong Delta.25 2.1 The Delta at Large.25 2.2 Vietnam s Lower Delta.25 2.3 Cambodia s Upper Delta.28 2.4 Hydrology and Climate of the Delta.30 2.4.1 Floods and seawater intrusion.31 2.4.2 Tidal influences.32 2.4.3 Seawater intrusion floodgates.33 2.5 Surface Water Quality.35 2.6 Groundwater in the Delta.36 2.7 Soils of the Delta.38 2.8 Acid Sulfate Soils.39 2.8.1 Oxidation of acid sulfate soils.40 2.8.2 Release of toxic metals.40 2.8.3 Discharge of acidity into surface waters.41 2.8.4 Impacts of acidity on estuarine ecosystems.41 2.8.5 Links between soils hydrology and atmospheric emissions.42 2.9 Saline Soils.43 2.10 Water and Land Constraints.43 .
